Program on Technology Innovation: Ready or Not? A Review of Technology Readiness Metrics to Inform the Energy Transition

As electric companies navigate the energy transition, understanding the readiness of emerging technologies is increasingly important for planning, procurement, and investment decisions. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) has long served as the standard metric for assessing technical maturity across sectors, particularly within U.S. federal agencies such as NASA, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Energy. However, TRL alone does not capture the full range of factors that influence real-world deployment. This report reviews a broad set of readiness frameworks that can be used in conjunction with TRL to account for commercial, institutional, operational, and societal dimensions. It also examines newer, multidimensional approaches such as the Adoption Readiness Level (ARL), which integrates technical and non-technical factors into an index. The report explores the implications of each framework for energy technologies and highlights how these tools may inform more comprehensive assessments of technology readiness.

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